Add proper nil and error handling to SAML login process

While writing the feature that would allow certain Omniauth providers to be marked as external I noticed that there is a scenario where the `gl_user` method can return `nil` and if this is not properly checked, it will lead to exceptions that will cause 500 errors. It is quite easy to land in this scenario, so I added `nil` checks.

I also noticed that the `saml` method in the `omniauth_callbacks_controller.rb` file lacked a `rescue` for `Gitlab::OAuth::SignupDisabledError`, which can happen if the default configuration from `1_settings.rb` is applied. So I also added this check.

See merge request !3609