Fix information disclosure in `Projects::BlobController#update`

It was possible to discover private project names by modifying `from_merge_request`parameter in `Projects::BlobController#update`. This fixes that.

- [ ] [CHANGELOG](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md) entry added
- Tests
  - [x] Added for this feature/bug
  - [ ] All builds are passing
- [x] Conform by the [merge request performance guides](http://docs.gitlab.com/ce/development/merge_request_performance_guidelines.html)
- [x] Conform by the [style guides](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#style-guides)
- [x] [Squashed related commits together](https://git-scm.com/book/en/Git-Tools-Rewriting-History#Squashing-Commits)

https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/issues/22869

See merge request !2023