The default scope in Event would add a "WHERE author_id IS NOT NULL"
clause to every query. Now that "events.author_id" has a NOT NULL clause
set this filter is redundant and we can safely remove it.

In this commit we also add a validation on events.author_id (previously
only defined in PushEvent) just in case something tries to create data
without an author ID. This way we can present a nicer error message
compared to PostgreSQL's foreign key error messages.

Fixes https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/issues/38129