Log cron_jobs configuration instead of raising exception

## What does this MR do?

Log cron_jobs configuration errors and remove invalid key <-> values from the configuration hash instead of raising an exception.
This has been discussed at #20010.

Fixes #20010

## Are there points in the code the reviewer needs to double check?

## Why was this MR needed?

Original implementation !5318, introduced a regression with our docker packaging: #20010.

## What are the relevant issue numbers?

* #20010 
* #18378

## Does this MR meet the acceptance criteria?

- [ ] [CHANGELOG](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/blob/master/CHANGELOG) entry added
- [ ] [Documentation created/updated](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/blob/master/doc/development/doc_styleguide.md)
- [ ] API support added
- Tests
  - [ ] Added for this feature/bug
  - [ ] All builds are passing
- [ ] Conform by the [style guides](https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-ce/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#style-guides)
- [ ] Branch has no merge conflicts with `master` (if you do - rebase it please)
- [ ] [Squashed related commits together](https://git-scm.com/book/en/Git-Tools-Rewriting-History#Squashing-Commits)

See merge request !5360